BLOOD SUGAR (GLUCOSE) LEVELS
Definition: Diabetes is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia due to absolute or relative deficiency or increase of insulin.
Diabetes Mellitus: Diabetes Mellitus, often referred to simply as diabetes, is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by a disruption in the body's ability to regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels effectively.
"Diabetes Mellitus is a relentless symphony of metabolic imbalance, where the orchestra of our body's cells and hormones struggles to harmonize the ebb and flow of glucose in the bloodstream. It's a condition that challenges the conductor, the pancreas, and blood sugar to crescendo to dangerous.
Types of Diabetes Mellitus: There are three types of diabetes mellitus:-
*Type 1 diabetes
* Type 2 diabetes and
* Gestational diabetes (diabetes while pregnant)
## Understanding blood sugar levels
Blood sugar, also known as blood glucose, is a vital component of our overall health. It is the main source of energy for our bodies. However, understanding blood sugar levels is crucial in order to maintain a healthy balance. Blood sugar levels refer to the amount of glucose present in our bloodstream at any given time.
When we consume carbohydrates, our bodies break them down into glucose, which then enters our bloodstream. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, helps regulate blood sugar levels by allowing glucose to enter our cells, where it is used for energy.
The risks of high blood sugar
High blood sugar, also known as hyperglycemia, occurs when there is too much glucose in the blood. This can happen when our bodies do not produce enough insulin or when our cells become resistant to insulin.
The risks associated with high blood sugar are numerous. Firstly, it can lead to immediate symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision. If left unmanaged, high blood sugar can have long-term complications that are even more serious.
Common symptoms of high blood sugar
It's important to be aware of the common symptoms of high blood sugar, as they can be indicators of an underlying issue. Some of the most common symptoms include increased thirst and hunger, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and blurred vision.
If you experience any of these symptoms, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and management.
Long-term complications of high blood sugar
When high blood sugar is left unmanaged, it can lead to a range of long-term complications. Some of these complications include heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, nerve damage, and eye problems.
Heart disease is a major concern for individuals with high blood sugar. Elevated levels of glucose in the bloodstream can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of heart attacks and other cardiovascular issues. Similarly, high blood sugar can also impact kidney function, leading to kidney disease.
How to measure and monitor blood sugar levels
Measuring and monitoring blood sugar levels is essential for individuals with high blood sugar or diabetes. There are many methods available to do so, including:
1. Fingerstick blood test: This involves pricking the finger with a small lancet to obtain a blood sample, which is then tested using a glucose meter.
2. Continuous glucose monitoring: This involves wearing a small sensor under the skin, which measures glucose levels throughout the day and provides real-time data on a monitor or smartphone.
3. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) test: This test provides an average of blood sugar levels over the past two to three months, offering a broader picture of overall glucose control.
Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels helps individuals make informed decisions about their diet, exercise, and medication management.
Managing high blood sugar through diet and exercise
One of the most effective ways to manage high blood sugar is through a healthy diet and regular exercise. By making smart food choices and engaging in physical activity, individuals can help regulate their blood sugar levels and prevent complications.
A balanced diet for individuals with high blood sugar should include a variety of nutrient-rich foods such as whole grains, lean proteins, healthy fats, and plenty of fruits and vegetables. It is important to limit the intake of sugary foods and beverages, as they can cause a rapid spike in blood sugar levels.
Regular exercise also plays a crucial role in managing high blood sugar. Physical activity helps the body use glucose for energy, thus reducing blood sugar levels. Aim for at least 160 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week, along with strength training exercises.
Medical Technologist View
Blood Sugar Level
Principle of blood glucose: Glucose oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of glucose and gives H2O2 and gluconic acid.
glucose + H2O + O2 = H2O2 + gluconic acid
Then in the presence of the enzyme peroxidase, the H2O2 is broken down to water and oxygen.
The oxygen reacts with 4-aminophenazone in the presence of phenol to form a pink color compound. The intensity of the color is proportional to the amount of glucose which can be measured by a colorimeter or semi-auto analyzer.
H2O2 + Phenol + 4-aminopenazone = Color compound.
Use of blood glucose test:
* Hypothyroidism
* Hyperthyroidism
* Hypertension
* Endocrine disease
* Pancreatitis
* Diabetes Mellitus
* Impaired glucose tolerance
* Gestational diabetes
* Alimentary glycosuria
* Renal glycosuria
Investigation of blood glucose:
* Fasting Blood Glucose with Cus (FBS)
* Random Blood Sugar with Cus (RBS)
* Post Pandal Blood Sugar with Cus (PPBS)
* Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
Plasma Glucose after 75gm glucose by mouth-International rules
• After 1/2 hrs
• After 1 hrs
• After 1.5 hrs
• After 2 hrs
* 1 hour after breakfast
* 2 hours after breakfast
Sample Collection:
Specimen type: Plasma or Serum
Preferred collection container: gray tube vial or yellow vial.
%20LEVELS..jpg) |
| Blood Sugar Test |
Specimen required: 2 ml of serum or plasma; minimum 0.5 ml.
Patient preparation: A fasting specimen is not required. For the fasting glucose test 6-8 hours no eating, please order Fasting Plasma Glucose.
Specimen processing instructions:
Plasma: Centrifuge at 1500-2000 RPM for a minimum of 10 minutes.
Serum: Allow to clot. Centrifuge at 1500-2000 RPM for a minimum of 10 minutes. For specimens collected in anything other than gray-top tubes, the specimen is not acceptable for glucose testing if not centrifuged within two hours of collection.
Transport temperature: Spun PST Room temperature for 4 hours and refrigerate for 8 hours. Room temperature for 8 hours and refrigerated for 3 days.
Spun PST Room temperature for 4 hours and refrigerate for 8 hours.
Gray-top: 3 days (spun and unspun).
Methods of blood sugar Estimation:
1. Glucose meter method with strip test
2. Colorimetric Method
* Glucose-oxidase enzymatic method
* Glucose dehydrogenase method
3. Chemical methods
* O-toluidine method
* folin Wu's method
* Nelson Somogyi's method
4. Autoanalyzer Estimation
Test Procedure:
Wavelength- 530 nm
Cuvette-1 cm light path
Zero- Distilled Water
Blank Standard Sample Test
Reagent 1ml 1ml 1ml
Standard - -- 10 microliter --
Sample - -- -- 10 microliter
D/W- 10 microliter -- --
The contents of the test tubes are thoroughly mixed and kept at 37 degrees C for 5 minutes or at room temperature for 10 minutes. the intensity color is measured with a colorimeter or analyzer.
Calculation and curve:
Plasma Glucose = OD of Test / OD of standard * 100
Convert SI unit = mg / dl / 18 = mmol / l
Normal Value:
Healthy people:
FBS =4.2-6.1 mmol/l
2 hours after food, random of 75 gm glucose = <7.8 mmol/l
Diabetes Mellitus:
FBS =>7.8 mmol/l
2 hours after food, random of 75 gm glucose = >11.1 mmol/l
Impaired glucose tolerance:
FBS =5.5 to 7.8 mmol/l
2 hours after food, random of 75 gm glucose = 7.8 to 11.1 mmol/l
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): OGTT means oral glucose tolerance test it is a laboratory to diagnose diabetes mellitus.
The individual should be on a normal diet at least for 3 days and is it fast overnight 8-10 hours).
Indication/importance of OGTT:
1. To detect hyperglycemia-diabetes mellitus.
2. To detect renal glycosuria.
3 To detect alimentary glycosuria.
4. To diagnose endocrine disorders.
5. To find out the cause of convulsion, coma etc.
6. To find out the ability of the body to carbohydrate metabolism.
Procedure:
1. The individual should be kept fasting for overnight 8-10 hours
2. Collect fasting venous blood for plasma and the corresponding urine sample
3. Give 75 gm glucose in 250-300 ml water by mouth.
4. Collect venous blood and urine samples:
Either after 2 hrs. or at 1.5 hourly intervals for 2 hrs.
5. Plasma glucose on each blood sample is estimated Sugar on each urine sample is examined.
Materials:
Cotton, Hexasol, Tourniquet, Gloves, Marker Pen, Test Tube Stand, Disposable Syringe, Vial Or Yellow tube, Stopwatch, Calculator, Incubator, Colorimeter or semi-auto analyzer,
Alimentary Glycosuria: The fasting and 2 hours blood glucose values are normal. blood glucose at ½ hours or 1 hour is above renal threshold value and thus causes glycosuria.
Renal Glycosuria: Blood glucose value is normal, but sugar is present in urine due to low renal threshold value for glucose
Medications and treatments for high blood sugar
In some cases, lifestyle modifications alone may not be sufficient to manage high blood sugar. In such instances, medications and treatments can be prescribed by healthcare professionals to help regulate blood sugar levels.
There are various types of medications available, including oral medications and insulin injections. Oral medications are often used to stimulate insulin production or improve insulin sensitivity. Insulin injections, on the other hand, are necessary when the body does not produce enough insulin on its own.
It is important to work closely with a healthcare professional to find the most suitable medication and treatment plan for managing high blood sugar.
Resources for managing blood sugar levels.
Managing blood sugar levels can be challenging, but there are numerous resources available to support individuals in their journey towards better health. Some of these resources include:
1. Diabetes education programs: These programs provide information, support, and guidance to individuals with diabetes or high blood sugar.
2. Online forums and support groups: Joining online communities can provide individuals with a platform to connect with others facing similar challenges, share experiences, and gain valuable insights.
3. Nutritionists and dietitians: Seeking guidance from professionals can help individuals develop personalized meal plans and understand how different foods affect blood sugar levels.
Fitness trainers and exercise programs: Working with fitness professionals can help individuals develop safe and effective exercise routines tailored to their needs and goals
Preventing high blood sugar and diabetes
Prevention is always better than cure when it comes to high blood sugar and diabetes. Making healthy lifestyle choices can significantly lacking the risk of developing these conditions.
Maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, and following a balanced diet are essential for preventing high blood sugar. Limiting the intake of processed foods, sugary beverages, and refined carbohydrates can also help reduce the risk.
Additionally, getting regular check-ups and screenings can help identify any potential issues early on, allowing for prompt intervention and prevention of high blood sugar and diabetes.
Conclusion:
High blood sugar can have serious consequences if left unmanaged. Understanding the risks and symptoms of high blood sugar is crucial for early intervention and prevention of complications. By measuring and monitoring blood sugar levels, making healthy lifestyle choices, and seeking professional guidance, individuals can effectively manage high blood sugar and reduce the risk of developing diabetes. Remember, prevention and proactive management are the keys to a healthier future.
%20LEVELS..jpg&description=Blood Sugar Test, Indication, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention. ){kind=link}