Blood group
Definition: It is immunologically distinct genetically determined classes of human RBC depending on specific antigens and antibodies present respectively in the red blood cell membrane and serum
Or
A genetically determined system of antigens is located on the surface of the erythrocyte in our body.
Classification of Blood group system :
1. ABO blood group system
2. Rh factor system
3. Other blood group system
Important of blood group:
1. To know the blood group of individuals
2. Various experimental students in hematological laboratory.
3. Paternity Test (MN system)
4. For correct blood transfusion
5. To diagnose immune hemolytic anemia.
6. Medicolegal Test.
7. Infoeinsic medicine.
Methods of blood grouping:
Accordant to test purpose:
1. Slide Method
2. Test Tube Method.
Slide methods Blood group:Principle: Blood typing is performed by mixing individual red cells with anti-sera containing the various agglutinins on a slide and seeing whether agglutination occurs.
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| Blood Group |
Material required :
Microscope or magnified glass
- Glass slide
- Cotton
- Pencil
- Reagent Antibody (Anti-A, Anti-B, Occasional Anti-AB), and Rh Factor- Anti-D,
- Blood sample (usually collected in a test tube or on a glass slide)
- Sterile lancet or needle
- Alcohol swab or cotton ball
- Gloves
- Test tubes or microcentrifuge tubes
- Pipettes or droppers
- Mixing sticks or glass rods
- Agglutination cards or test tubes
- Centrifuge (optional)
- Timer or clock
Procedure :
Determination of ABO blood group: -
1. Prepare a 10% suspension in saline of the RBC to be tested.
2. Mark the left slide of a clear glass slide anti-A and the right side anti-B marks in tiles.
3. Add to the left side a drop of Anti-A and to the right side a drop of Anti-B grouping serum or plasma.
4. Next the anti-sera drops place 1 drop of 10% Normal saline suspension of unknown RBC
5. With half of an application stick, mix the RBC suspension with the anti-A serum, and with the other half mix the RBC suspension with the Anti–B serum.
6. Gently rock the slide back and forth and observe the mixture for 2 minutes unless agglutination occurs earlier.
Blood group finding chart.
Anti-A Anti-B Blood group
+ - A
- + B
+ + AB
- - O
ABO SYSTEM
Blood group slide method
Slide Method of blood grouping:
Material required:
- · Microscope or magnified glass
- · Syringe disposable
- · Cotton
- · Pencil
- Blood sample
- Alcohol swab or cotton ball
- Gloves
- Test tubes or microcentrifuge tubes
- Pipettes or droppers
- Mixing sticks or glass rods
- Agglutination cards or test tubes
- Centrifuge (optional)
- Timer or clock
Blood is taken from the individual whose blood group is to be determined. it is diluted 50 times with isotonic saline and thus a suspension of RBC is obtained.
Blood group
Alpha agglutination Beta agglutination
A +-
B -+
AB ++
O --
Two separate drops of suspension are placed on a microscopic slide and the test serum containing agglutination alpha is mixed with one drop and the test serum containing agglutination beta is mixed with other drops.
It is kept for some time and examined under the microscope or magnified glass whether agglutination occurred or not blood group is obtained from the following data:
The blood group is A: If serum containing agglutination alpha agglutination.
Blood group is B: If serum containing agglutination beta agglutination
Blood group is AB: If both agglutinates
The blood group is O: if none of them agglutinates.
[N: B-Agglutination (+), No agglutination (-)]
Dispose of Biohazardous Material: Dispose of used lancets, needles, gloves, and any biohazardous materials in accordance with medical waste disposal guidelines.
Document the Procedure: Record the test results in the patient's medical record.
Clean Up: Dispose of all used materials and clean the work area according to infection control protocols.
Remember that blood grouping tests should be performed by trained healthcare professionals to ensure accuracy and safety. The results are crucial for various medical procedures, so proper handling and documentation are essential.
